Tuesday 23 March 2010

SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS

The first text I have chosen is a poster for the exhibition ‘Sensation’ held at the Royal Academy of Arts, we can see the image is split by two different photos of similarly shaped objects – a tongue and an electric iron. Appearing to mirror each other, there is a central point in which the two meet. Sat directly below this middle ground is the word ‘Sensation’.
The front cover of the magazine, titled ‘Appetite’ is the second text I have chosen. What we can see is the models face of a woman with her tongue outstretched and very long. The word appetite floats above the tongue, followed by the translation of the the word in both French and Spanish, as they repeat they grow smaller. Adbusters issue number 44, called ‘Appetite’ was published in 2002.
What I immediately recognise as a Sign in the denotative sense is the stuck out tongue featuring in both images, ‘Sensation’ and ‘Appetite’. This signifier for this is infact the photographs of them and they inturn signify on a connative level, touch, taste, speech and are both sensual suggesting sexual representations. The two images with tongues outstretched, one from a side view whereas ‘Sensation’ heads the tongue facing the audience. The sign connotes as a myth to be of sexuality. This is all shown through a Social Code, what we see within culture.
The tongue itself connotes human interaction, part of the body it gives us taste and touch- two of five senses, and when any sense is stimulated gives sensation. The phrase mother tongue holds direct correlation to the tongue as language and therefore  a culutural viewpoint. In Adbusters, it is quite clear the focus of the tongue is to represent through the word itself appetite and seems to be primarily the only reason the tongue has been featured to denotative in this way. Whereas in ‘Sensation’ the direct purpose is touch.  
Contrasting to the two different pieces, each design has an opposing item to the personal perspective  of the tongue. In ‘Sensation’ the electric iron stands opposite the tongue in a similar shaped fashion but the iron connotes feelings of technology, temperature and danger. The iron has been chosen in the design to be directly inhuman, not sensual but  connotes potential danger. The iron as we know exceeds a high temperature and is possible to damage our senses and cause pain. Just as ‘Sensation’ juxtaposes with the personal, we see the same in ‘Appetite’ where there is a denotation of a side profile of a female model mannequin, this connotes the article to be fake and industrialised. This contradicts and detracts from the human side of how the tongue appeared sensual.
The textual codes in which the images can be seen are quite different. In ‘Sensation’ the type that has been used as main focus is simply ‘Sensation’. This is the signifier and signifies to us as th meaning of ‘perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ’, the denotation of the type includes the choice of Sans Serif and the colour of white to represent clean-cut and elegant. At the same time the font chosen is to once again mimic the shape of tongue and iron, and is pointed, this is made clear with the letter A situated in the middle, top of the iron, outlined in red.
In Adbusters, ‘Appetite’ the denotation of the type is handwritten and uses marker scrawled to connote and intended to address the mediocre, but always with intention for the type to connote good design. Black has been chosen for the typeface and it connotes the words to be able to sit strong and overpower what it is on top of.

Monday 22 March 2010

Harrison, C. and Wood, P. (1997) 'Art in Theory: 1900-1990', Oxford, Blackwell, pp 125-9

At the turn of the 20th century, a new art was being formed to be as eminent as previous traditional art. Focussing on expression, avant-garde artists created authenticity and personal experience to be drawn into their work through a natural force. Through industrialisation and urbanisation, starting in Paris it internationalised throughout Europe. Cubism, Expressionism and Futurism individually showed different aspects of the reception to the modern. The modern consists of Modernisation, the rise and industrialisation of science and technology, Modernity, the social and cultural change of lifstyles, and finally Modernism as the relationship between the experience and development.
One side of the modern age was pessimistic, seeing human life starting to be controlled by the machine through urbanisation and industrialisation. Alternatively exhilaration was taking place, Italian poet Marinetti was creating a new response to the age, by break-through Symbolism, in turn Futurism. These two responses were due to the effects of modernisation, but a third relates, to seek the cause of the modern worlds condition. Social facts and relations of class, but also capitalist modernization. The working class both ‘feared and needed’ ideologies of social classes, as a shared nation created my capitalist production, known as Socialism.
Conflict started to arise within avant-garde art, Cubism in particular was attempted to be prised into two. This itself has created more tension and conflict between view points within art, art in respect to social factors and art as a practice. Artists have both striven to reconcile as well as affirming their argument – whether to translate and embrace the modern or art must therefore transform itself.


Saturday 13 March 2010

POSTMODERNISM

POSTMODERNISM

Modern
Modernity
Modernism -      Experimentation
                                Innovation
                                Individualism
                                Progress
                                Purity
                                Originality
                                Seriousness

Postmodern condition characterised by-
                                Exhaustion
                                Pluralism
                                Disillusionment with the idea of absoloute knowledge

Modernism –
Expression of:
 The modern life/ technology/ new materials/ communication

Post-modernism
Reaction to:
The modern life/ technology/ new materials/ communication

Origins of postmodernism
-          1917 German writer Rudolf Pannwitz
-          1964 Leslie Fielder

1960’s                   Beginning
1970’s                   Established as term
1980’s                   Recognised style
1980’s+90’s         Dominant theoretical discourse
Today                    Tired and Simmering


Postmodernism

-After modernism
-Historical era following the modern
-Contra modernism
-Equivalent to late capitalism
-Artistic and stylistic eclecticism
-Globalisation of cultures

Modernism died on the 15th July 1972 at 3:32pm
Charles Jencks' joke-date

Friday 12 March 2010

25th  November

ADVERTISING, PUBLICITY AND THE MEDIA

Times Square, New York -Advertising is bombarding our contemporary world

1990’s estimate -11thousand new tv advertisements every year x4
-25million print adverts made every year

SLOGANS/ SIGNS/ MESSAGES, advertising is inescapable and invades our subconscious.

Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
Wrote-
Communist Manifesto – 1848.
Das Kapital – 1867

Marxism/ Marxist

Critique of consumer/ commodity culture-

We construct our identities through the consumer products that inhibit our lives.
You shouldn’t define yourself with what you own, but who you are

Stewart Ewen terms ‘the commodity self’

Symbolic Associations
-Perfume adverts
-Sex Appeal
-Sophistication

Perpetuating false needs
-Aesthetic Innovation
-Planned Obsolescence – products designed to break
-Novelty

Commodity Fetisham-
Advertising conceals the background ‘history’ of products. In other words the content in which a product is produced is kept hidden.

Reification-
Products are given human association
They may be perceived as funny, sexy, romantic, cool
All to create a closer bond with the owner and the product, to become attatched

Advertising works in a fashion to trick people into consumption.

Herbert Marcuse, author of 'One Dimensional Man' (1964)

John  Berger (1972) "Publicity (advertising) persuades us by showing people whose lives have been transformed"

Advertising perpetuates stereotypes.

It seeks to make people unhappy with existing material possessions.
It potentially manipulates people into buying products that they don't really need/want.

It encourages addictive, obsessive and greedy behaviour.

It encourages unnecessary production and consumption therefore depleting the worlds resources and spoiling the environment.

BOOKS TO LOOK AT

Focussing on specific examples, describe the way that Modernist art & design was a response to the forces of modernity


1.
Barnard, M. [2008] ‘Graphic design as communication’. New York, Routledge.

2.
Ilyin, N, [2006] ‘Chasing the perfect: thoughts on modernist design in our time’. New York, Distributed Art Publishers, Inc and Metropolis Magazine.
(Library Reference - 745.4)

3.
Hellige, H. And Klanten R. [2009] ‘Naive: modernism & folklore in contemporary graphic design’. London, Die Gestalten Verlag.
(Library Reference - 741.06)

4.
Pare R. [2007] ‘The lost vanguard: Russian modernist architecture 1922-1932’. New York, Monacelli Press. 
(Library Reference - 720.947)

5.
Meyer, U. [2006], ‘Bauhaus’. Munich, Prestel Verlag.

GRAPHIC DESIGN: MEDIUM FOR THE MASSES

8th November

GRAPHIC DESIGN: MEDIUM FOR THE MASSES


-Grotto and Bondone, Betrayal C. 1305.
Fine art- but symbolises, shows a graphic story. A media for the age.

1922, William Addison Dwiggins
‘In the matter of layout forget art at the start and use horse sense. The printing designers whole duty is to make a clear presentation of the message- to get the important statements forward and the minor parts placed so that they will never be overlooked. This calls for an exercise of common sense and a faculty of analysis rather than for art.’

Herbert Spencer
‘Mechanized Art’

Max Bill and Josef Muller-Brockman
‘Visual Communication’

Richard Hollis
‘Graphic Design is the business of making or choosing marks and arguing them on a surface to convey an idea’

Paul Rand
‘...graphic design, in the end, deals with the spectator, and because it is the goal of the designer to be persuasive or a least informative, it follows that the designer’s problems are twofold: to anticipate the spectators reactions and to meet his own aesthetic needs’

Josef Muller-Brockman
‘Whatever the information transmitted, it must, ethically and culturally, reflect  its responsibility to society’

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
-Arsistide Bruant, 1893
-La Goulue, 1890’s
For mass production- colour used if chosen but could look like fine art without type.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Peter Behrens, AEG, pre First World War technology
German – showing modernism.

Saville Lumley – ‘What did you do in the Great War?’
-Traditional as opposed to German poster

First World War posters
Britons, 1914
Uncle Sam, 1917

Kandinsky – Abstraction
Lissitsky – Geometric, triangles linked to Kandinsky.
‘Beat the whites with the red wedge’ -Cheap to print

Oskar Schlemmer – Bauhaus Logo, 1922
(German)

Firsts school to each Graphic Design. 1922- when Dwiggins first said the term Graphic Design.

Herbert Bayer, Kandinsky 60th Birthday, exhibition.

Piet Zwart

Cassanare – French
1927 poster, stared to sign work. Being recognised as well known designers

Ludwig Hohlwein
Reich’s  sports day, 1933                               Traditional
                                                                                Shut down Bauhaus, go back to ‘real art’

Ludwig Vierthaler
Degernate art, 1936

Bauhaus techniques
Off set type, selected by Hitler as degenerate art, abomination of talent

G. Klusik Russian, colour used.

Book of VW adverts.

Paul Rand, 1962 abc                                        197 IBM- CORPORATE


Ken Garland       – Peace Logo
                                -First things first manifesto.

Desingers Republic- Sheffield Designers, take their own ground rules.

Primal Scream, Julian Hoss
2000, emulating Russian Constructivist style.

Oliviero Toscanni
Barbara Kruger – I think therefore I am
                                ---> I shop therefore I am. Selfridges. 

THE DOCUMENT

9TH December

THE DOCUMENT


-Joseph Nicéphone Nicépce (1826)
                ‘View from a window of La Gras’
-Capture, record the world.

-James Nachtwey
‘I have been a witness, and these pictures are my testimony. The events I have recorded should not be forgotten as well as the historical and must not be repeated.’

Frances Firth (1857)  ‘Entrance to the Great Temple’

William Edward Kilburn ‘The Great Chart Meeting at the Common’ 1848

Neutral -distance from photo- recording historically
                -no one is looking- so it seens he’s not influencing anyone.
                -just historical

But the photographer always has a reason.

The decisive moment
-          Photography achieves its highest distinction – reflecting the universality of the human condition.

Henri Cartier                      Bresson, 1932.

The essence of recording the world in one second in just recording it as a document it is the art- one second later it wouldn’t be there.

Jacob Reiss – American Slunms
(1888)                   -not authentic, the compositions. The people are posing. Would have taken a while to put together, probably paid.

Louis Hine – Sociologist- actually records and analyses
1908- child labourers.
-Left wing- to expose the underclass.

FSA photographers (1935-44)
Farm Security Administration

Dorothea Lange – 1936
                Look of 3/4 distance – thinking ahead. Concerned about the future, as Presidents do.

Archive shows photographers way of thinking – kept by the FSA.

Magnum Group
Founded in 1947 by Cartier-Bresson and Robert Capa.
Ethos of documenting the world and its social problems.
Internationalism and mobility – whenever there was something that needed recording, someone could be there.
Robert Capa – ‘Falling Soldier’. Spanish Civil war
Is it fact? But shown to be fact.

Nick Ut (1972) ‘Accidental Napalm Attack’
Exhaustion of the photographers ability to change the world.

Ron McCullin (1968) ‘Shell Shocked Soldier)
Banned from Falklands war, didn’t want to show the reality. Positivity.

Conceptual Art- failed,
Photography used to document art, and art was sold
Now Photography is Art, and conceptual art is no longer relevant.

Bertolt Brecht (1931)
By trying to reconstruct reality is the only time you get anything useful.

Gillian Wearing (1992-3)
‘Signs to say what you want them to say’

Jeremy Deller (2001) The Battle of Orgreave
Complete reconstruction.

Jeff Wall Dead Troops Talk
Construction of reality- with photos merged together.

Lukacs- ‘Theory of the Novel’
Narration vs. Description